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The Grafenort concentration camp as treated in the present article is a conventional name for three separate Nazi concentration camps that functioned in the village of Grafenort on the territory of Nazi Germany during the Second World War.〔Rolf O. Becker, ''Niederschlesien 1945: die Flucht die Besetzung'', 6th ed., Munich, Aufstieg-Verlag, 1990, p. 317. ISBN 3761201168.〕 * The first of them (not in chronological order) is the all-female ''Arbeitslager'' or slave-labour that functioned only in 1945 as a subcamp of Gross-Rosen, whose detainees were exclusively Jewish women deported from Poland (regardless of nationality). * The second is〔''Encyclopedia of the Holocaust'', ed. I. Gutman, vol. 1, New York, Macmillan Publishing Company, 1995, p. 625. ISBN 0028960904.〕 == Overview == Located in an expropriated Renaissance castle, the concentration camp was operational throughout the War, but for 68 days (2 months and a week) was formally run as an all-female subcamp (''Frauenarbeitslager'') of Gross-Rosen between 1 March 1945 and 8 May 1945 (the latter being the date of its liberation by the Soviets) in the aftermath of the strategic liquidation of the Mittelsteine concentration camp in the latter weeks of the War a move which the Nazis initiated owing to the advancing Eastern Front.〔Edward Basałygo, ''900 lat Jeleniej Góry: Tędy przeszła historia: Kalendarium wydarzeń w Kotlinie Jeleniogórskiej i jej okolicach'', Jelenia Góra, 2010, p. 239. Basałygo cites the official records of the German Ministry of Justice for the dates of the camp's existence (1 March 19458 May 1945). (See Bibliography for online link.)〕 In the course of liquidating Mittelsteine, the Nazis transferred between 250 and 300 female prisoners from Mittelsteine to Grafenort.〔''Frauen-Arbeitslager Mährisch Weißwasser 1944/45: Zwangsarbeit für TELEFUNKEN; eine Überlebensstation auf dem Weg von Auschwitz nach Palästina mit der EXODUS; Erinnerungen, Daten, Bilder und Dokumente'', ed. K. C. Kasper, Bonn-Oberkassel, Verlag Klaus Christian Kasper, 2002, pp. 6465. ISBN 393056727X.〕 Some sources put the documented number of prisoners evacuated from Mittelsteine to Grafenort in April 1945 at 400.〔''Das nationalsozialistische Lagersystem: (CCP)'', ed. M. Weinmann, ''et al.'', 4th ed., Frankfurt am Main, Zweitausendeins, 2001, p. 641. ISBN 3861502615.〕 All of the prisoners in the transfer were women of Jewish ethnicity originally deported from the region of Łódź.〔''Filie obozu koncentracyjnego Gross-Rosen: informator'', Wałbrzych, Muzeum Gross-Rosen, 2008, p. 35. ISBN 9788389824073. This source puts the total number of prisoners transferred from Mittelsteine to Grafenort ("in late March or early April 1945") at 200.〕 The distance between the Mittelsteine and Grafenort concentration camps is about 21 kilometres (13 miles) as the crow flies or 28 km (17 mi) by road. The reasons behind the liquidation of the Mittelsteine concentration camp and the transfer of its inmates to two other camps one of them being Grafenort have not been fully understood by historians.〔Cf. Bella Gutterman, ''A Narrow Bridge to Life: Jewish Forced Labor and Survival in the Gross-Rosen Camp System, 19401945'', tr. IBRT, New York, Berghahn Books, 2008, p. 206. ISBN 9781845452063, ISBN 1845452062.〕 (See also the history of the Mittelsteine concentration camp.) The Grafenort concentration camp was one of the Krkonoše group of thirteen subcamps of Gross-Rosen located in the Riesengebirge the so-called Riese group which were concentrated primarily in the region of the Owl Mountains. The group of camps held collectively over 13,000 prisoners of whom approximately 40 percent perished from hunger and exhaustion brought about by slave labour.〔Andrzej Strzelecki, ''The Deportation of Jews from the Łódź Ghetto to KL Auschwitz and Their Extermination: A Description of the Events and the Presentation of Historical Sources'', tr. W. Kościa-Zbirohowski, Oświęcim, Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 2006, p. 97. ISBN 8360210187.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Grafenort concentration camp」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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